Tags: absen fingerprint magic, buku manual setting fingerprint, buku panduan finger print magic 4000, buku panduan finger print magic plus 4100, buku panduan fingger. Xiaomi has started 2016 with the release of its, a phone that was launched in China last year.
ClamTk, an open source antivirus based on the antivirus engine, originally developed by Tomasz Kojm in 2001 Antivirus software, or anti-virus software (abbreviated to AV software), also known as anti-malware, is a used to prevent, detect, and remove. Antivirus software was originally developed to detect and remove, hence the name.
However, with the proliferation of other kinds of, antivirus software started to provide protection from other computer threats. In particular, modern antivirus software can protect from: malicious (BHOs), malicious,. Some products also include protection from other, such as infected and malicious, and attacks, (privacy), attacks, techniques, (APT) and attacks. Main article: Anti-virus software can attempt to scan for rootkits.
A is a type of designed to gain administrative-level control over a computer system without being detected. Rootkits can change how the functions and in some cases can tamper with the anti-virus program and render it ineffective. Rootkits are also difficult to remove, in some cases requiring a complete re-installation of the operating system. Real-time protection Real-time protection, on-access scanning, background guard, resident shield, autoprotect, and other synonyms refer to the automatic protection provided by most antivirus, anti-spyware, and other anti-malware programs.
This monitors computer systems for suspicious activity such as computer viruses, spyware, adware, and other malicious objects in 'real-time', in other words while data loaded into the computer's active memory: when inserting a CD, opening an email, or browsing the web, or when a file already on the computer is opened or executed. Issues of concern Unexpected renewal costs Some commercial antivirus software include a clause that the will be automatically renewed, and the purchaser's credit card automatically billed, at the renewal time without explicit approval.
For example, requires users to unsubscribe at least 60 days before the expiration of the present subscription while sends notifications to unsubscribe 30 days before the renewal. Also renews subscriptions automatically by default. Rogue security applications. Main article: Some apparent antivirus programs are actually masquerading as legitimate software, such as,. Problems caused by false positivesA 'false positive' or 'false alarm' is when antivirus software identifies a non-malicious file as malware. When this happens, it can cause serious problems.
For example, if an antivirus program is configured to immediately delete or quarantine infected files, as is common on antivirus applications, a false positive in an essential file can render the Windows or some applications unusable. Recovering from such damage to critical software infrastructure incurs technical support costs and businesses can be forced to close whilst remedial action is undertaken. For example, in May 2007 a faulty virus signature issued by mistakenly removed essential operating system files, leaving thousands of PCs unable to. Also in May 2007, the required by on Windows was falsely detected by as being a Trojan and it was automatically removed, preventing Pegasus Mail from running. Norton AntiVirus had falsely identified three releases of Pegasus Mail as malware, and would delete the Pegasus Mail installer file when that happened. In response to this Pegasus Mail stated: “ On the basis that Norton/Symantec has done this for every one of the last three releases of Pegasus Mail, we can only condemn this product as too flawed to use, and recommend in the strongest terms that our users cease using it in favour of alternative, less buggy anti-virus packages. ” In April 2010, detected svchost.exe, a normal Windows binary, as a virus on machines running with Service Pack 3, causing a reboot loop and loss of all network access.
In December 2010, a faulty update on the anti-virus suite damaged 64-bit versions of, rendering it unable to boot, due to an endless boot loop created. In October 2011, (MSE) removed the web browser, rival to Microsoft's own. MSE flagged Chrome as a. In September 2012, ' anti-virus suite identified various update-mechanisms, including its own, as malware.
If it was configured to automatically delete detected files, Sophos Antivirus could render itself unable to update, required manual intervention to fix the problem. In September 2017, the Google Play Protect anti-virus started identifying 's Bluetooth application as malware, causing Bluetooth functionality to become disabled. System and interoperability related issues Running (the real-time protection of) multiple antivirus programs concurrently can degrade performance and create conflicts. However, using a concept called, several companies (including and ) have created applications which can run multiple engines concurrently. It is sometimes necessary to temporarily disable virus protection when installing major updates such as Windows Service Packs or updating graphics card drivers. Active antivirus protection may partially or completely prevent the installation of a major update. Anti-virus software can cause problems during the installation of an operating system upgrade, e.g.
When upgrading to a newer version of Windows 'in place' — without erasing the previous version of Windows. Microsoft recommends that anti-virus software be disabled to avoid conflicts with the upgrade installation process. Active anti-virus software can also interfere with a update process. The functionality of a few computer programs can be hampered by active anti-virus software. For example, a disk encryption program, states on its troubleshooting page that anti-virus programs can conflict with TrueCrypt and cause it to malfunction or operate very slowly.
Anti-virus software can impair the performance and stability of games running in the platform. Support issues also exist around antivirus application interoperability with common solutions like and products. These technology solutions often have policy assessment applications that require an up-to-date antivirus to be installed and running. If the antivirus application is not recognized by the policy assessment, whether because the antivirus application has been updated or because it is not part of the policy assessment library, the user will be unable to connect. Effectiveness Studies in December 2007 showed that the effectiveness of antivirus software had decreased in the previous year, particularly against unknown. The computer magazine found that detection rates for these threats had dropped from 40–50% in 2006 to 20–30% in 2007. At that time, the only exception was the antivirus, which managed a detection rate of 68%.
According to the ZeuS tracker website the average detection rate for all variants of the well-known trojan is as low as 40%. The problem is magnified by the changing intent of virus authors. Some years ago it was obvious when a virus infection was present. The viruses of the day, written by amateurs, exhibited destructive behavior. Modern viruses are often written by professionals, financed. In 2008, of, stated that the anti-virus industry has over-hyped how effective its products are — and so has been misleading customers — for years.
Independent testing on all the major virus scanners consistently shows that none provide 100% virus detection. The best ones provided as high as 99.9% detection for simulated real-world situations, while the lowest provided 91.1% in tests conducted in August 2013.
Many virus scanners produce false positive results as well, identifying benign files as malware. Although methodologies may differ, some notable independent quality testing agencies include, West Coast Labs, and other members of the. New viruses Anti-virus programs are not always effective against new viruses, even those that use non-signature-based methods that should detect new viruses.
The reason for this is that the virus designers test their new viruses on the major anti-virus applications to make sure that they are not detected before releasing them into the wild. Some new viruses, particularly, use to avoid detection by virus scanners. Jerome Segura, a security analyst with ParetoLogic, explained: “ It's something that they miss a lot of the time because this type of ransomware virus comes from sites that use a polymorphism, which means they basically randomize the file they send you and it gets by well-known antivirus products very easily.
I've seen people firsthand getting infected, having all the pop-ups and yet they have antivirus software running and it's not detecting anything. It actually can be pretty hard to get rid of, as well, and you're never really sure if it's really gone. When we see something like that usually we advise to reinstall the operating system or reinstall backups. ” A virus has used the (GPU) to avoid detection from anti-virus software.
The potential success of this involves bypassing the in order to make it much harder for security researchers to analyse the inner workings of such malware. Rootkits Detecting is a major challenge for anti-virus programs.
Rootkits have full administrative access to the computer and are invisible to users and hidden from the list of running processes in the. Rootkits can modify the inner workings of the and tamper with antivirus programs. Damaged files If a file has been infected by a computer virus, anti-virus software will attempt to remove the virus code from the file during disinfection, but it is not always able to restore the file to its undamaged state. In such circumstances, damaged files can only be restored from existing backups or (this is also true for ransomware ); installed software that is damaged requires re-installation (however, see ). Firmware infections Any writeable firmware in the computer can be infected by malicious code. This is a major concern, as an infected could require the actual BIOS chip to be replaced to ensure the malicious code is completely removed. Anti-virus software is not effective at protecting firmware and the BIOS from infection.
In 2014, security researchers discovered that devices contain writeable firmware which can be modified with malicious code (dubbed '), which anti-virus software cannot detect or prevent. The malicious code can run undetected on the computer and could even infect the operating system prior to it booting up. Performance and other drawbacks Antivirus software has some drawbacks, first of which that it can impact a. Furthermore, inexperienced users can be lulled into a false sense of security when using the computer, considering themselves to be invulnerable, and may have problems understanding the prompts and decisions that antivirus software presents them with. An incorrect decision may lead to a security breach.
If the antivirus software employs heuristic detection, it must be fine-tuned to minimize misidentifying harmless software as malicious. Antivirus software itself usually runs at the highly trusted level of the to allow it access to all the potential malicious process and files, creating a potential avenue of. The US (NSA) and the UK (GCHQ) intelligence agencies, respectively, have been exploiting anti-virus software to spy on users. Anti-virus software has highly privileged and trusted access to the underlying operating system, which makes it a much more appealing target for remote attacks. Additionally anti-virus software is 'years behind security-conscious client-side applications like browsers or document readers', according to Joxean Koret, a researcher with Coseinc, a Singapore-based information security consultancy. Alternative solutions.
The command-line virus scanner of running a virus signature definition update, scanning a file, and identifying a. Antivirus software running on individual computers is the most common method employed of guarding against malware, but it is not the only solution. Other solutions can also be employed by users, including , hardware and network firewalls, antivirus and online scanners.
Hardware and network firewall prevent unknown programs and processes from accessing the system. However, they are not antivirus systems and make no attempt to identify or remove anything. They may protect against infection from outside the protected computer or, and limit the activity of any malicious software which is present by blocking incoming or outgoing requests on certain ports. A is designed to deal with broader system threats that come from network connections into the system and is not an alternative to a virus protection system. Cloud antivirus Cloud antivirus is a technology that uses lightweight agent software on the protected computer, while offloading the majority of data analysis to the provider's infrastructure. One approach to implementing cloud antivirus involves scanning suspicious files using multiple antivirus engines.
This approach was proposed by an early implementation of the cloud antivirus concept called CloudAV. CloudAV was designed to send programs or documents to a where multiple antivirus and behavioral detection programs are used simultaneously in order to improve detection rates. Parallel scanning of files using potentially incompatible antivirus scanners is achieved by spawning a virtual machine per detection engine and therefore eliminating any possible issues. CloudAV can also perform 'retrospective detection,' whereby the cloud detection engine rescans all files in its file access history when a new threat is identified thus improving new threat detection speed. Finally, CloudAV is a solution for effective virus scanning on devices that lack the computing power to perform the scans themselves.
Some examples of cloud anti-virus products are,. Group has also produced cloud-based anti-virus. Online scanning Some antivirus vendors maintain websites with free online scanning capability of the entire computer, critical areas only, local disks, folders or files. Periodic online scanning is a good idea for those that run antivirus applications on their computers because those applications are frequently slow to catch threats. One of the first things that malicious software does in an attack is disable any existing antivirus software and sometimes the only way to know of an attack is by turning to an online resource that is not installed on the infected computer.
Specialized tools. The command-line scanner, an engine to scan for running on. Virus removal tools are available to help remove stubborn infections or certain types of infection. Examples include Free Anti- Malware, Free Malware Removal Tools, and AntiVir Removal Tool. It is also worth noting that sometimes antivirus software can produce a false positive result, indicating an infection where there is none. A rescue disk that is bootable, such as a CD or USB storage device, can be used to run antivirus software outside of the installed operating system, in order to remove infections while they are dormant.
A bootable antivirus disk can be useful when, for example, the installed operating system is no longer bootable or has malware that is resisting all attempts to be removed by the installed antivirus software. Examples of some of these bootable disks include the Bitdefender Rescue CD, Kaspersky Rescue Disk 2018, and (integrated into since the ). Most of the Rescue CD software can also be installed onto a USB storage device, that is bootable on newer computers. Usage and risks According to an FBI survey, major businesses lose $12 million annually dealing with virus incidents. A survey by in 2009 found that a third of small to medium-sized business did not use antivirus protection at that time, whereas more than 80% of home users had some kind of antivirus installed.
According to a sociological survey conducted by in 2010 49% of women did not use any antivirus program at all. See also. Henry, Alan.
From the original on November 22, 2013. From the original on April 11, 2011. von Neumann, John (1966) June 13, 2010, at the. University of Illinois Press. Thomas Chen, Jean-Marc Robert (2004). Archived from on May 17, 2009. Retrieved February 16, 2009.
December 31, 2016, at the. Tom Meltzer and Sarah Phillips. October 23, 2009. IEEE Annals of the History of Computing, Volumes 27–28. IEEE Computer Society, 2005. May 13, 2016, at the: '.from one machine to another led to experimentation with the Creeper program, which became the world's first computer worm: a computation that used the network to recreate itself on another node, and spread from node to node.'
. ^ John Metcalf (2014). From the original on May 2, 2014. Retrieved May 1, 2014. From the original on September 20, 2015. August 24, 2014, at the. Retrieved on January 3, 2017.
From the original on January 7, 2011. Retrieved December 10, 2010.
From the original on February 7, 2011. Retrieved December 10, 2010. From the original on July 24, 2011. Retrieved December 10, 2010. June 8, 2011, at the. Eecs.umich.edu (November 3, 1983). Retrieved on 2017-01-03.
Cohen, Fred (April 1, 1988). 'Invited Paper: On the Implications of Computer Viruses and Methods of Defense'. Computers & Security. 7 (2): 167–184. Szor, Peter (February 13, 2005).
The Art of Computer Virus Research and Defense. Addison-Wesley Professional. – via Amazon. From the original on August 26, 2014.
![Software Fingerprint Magic 4000 Sq Software Fingerprint Magic 4000 Sq](/uploads/1/2/5/6/125614828/462632188.jpg)
October 1992. From the original on April 23, 2011. Leyden, John (January 19, 2006). From the original on September 6, 2010. Retrieved March 21, 2011.
Panda Security (April 2004). Archived from on August 2, 2009. Retrieved June 20, 2009. Viruslist.com.
Wells, Joe (August 30, 1996). From the original on June 4, 2008. Retrieved June 6, 2008.
G Data Software AG (2017). From the original on March 15, 2017. Retrieved December 13, 2017. Karsmakers, Richard (January 2010).
From the original on July 29, 2016. Retrieved July 6, 2016. Retrieved January 15, 2014. Cavendish, Marshall (2007).
Paul Bernabeo. From the original on October 28, 2016. Vision Square.
February 16, 2016. From the original on February 24, 2016. ^ Cohen, Fred, 1987, IBM. Yevics, Patricia A. From the original on August 26, 2014. Strom, David (April 1, 2010).
From the original on August 26, 2014. From the original on April 27, 2015. From the original on August 26, 2014. Grimes, Roger A. (June 1, 2001). O'Reilly Media, Inc.
From the original on March 21, 2017. From the original on June 17, 2006. Direccion General del Derecho de Autor, SEP, Mexico D.F.
Registry 20709/88 Book 8, page 40, dated November 24, 1988. From the original on January 5, 2010. From the original on July 1, 2014. SAM Identifies Virus-Infected Files, Repairs Applications, InfoWorld, May 22, 1989. SAM Update Lets Users Program for New Viruses, InfoWorld, February 19, 1990. Naveen, Sharanya. From the original on June 30, 2016.
Retrieved May 31, 2016. From the original on October 13, 2014. From the original on August 13, 2011. From the original on July 18, 2011.
Retrieved June 6, 2011. November 7, 2014, at the. From the original on September 23, 2012. Retrieved September 23, 2012. EICAR official website.
From the original on January 23, 2018. Retrieved October 28, 2013. David Harley, Lysa Myers & Eddy Willems.
AVAR2010 13th Association of anti Virus Asia Researchers International Conference. Archived from (PDF) on September 29, 2011. Retrieved June 30, 2011.
From the original on February 23, 2014. Retrieved February 17, 2014. ^ In 1994, AV-Test.org reported 28,613 unique malware samples (based on MD5). 'A Brief History of Malware; The First 25 Years'. Archived from on March 17, 2012. From the original on August 21, 2013. Retrieved August 12, 2013.
From the original on March 24, 2017. from the original on August 26, 2014. August 17, 2007. Archived from on December 15, 2007.
Retrieved February 12, 2008. October 7, 2013. From the original on January 13, 2015. Retrieved June 18, 2014. November 22, 2012, at the. Brandeins.de (July 2009). Retrieved on January 3, 2017.
Williams, Greg (April 2012). From the original on March 15, 2016. From the original on February 20, 2014., pp. 66–67. August 7, 2001.
From the original on June 16, 2011. Retrieved October 29, 2011. Slipstick Systems (February 2009). From the original on June 2, 2009. Retrieved June 18, 2009. From the original on August 26, 2014.
April 3, 2016, at the. Av-comparatives.org.
April 3, 2016, at the. Corporate-ir.net.
From the original on April 14, 2016. AVG Security. Archived from on June 2, 2015. Retrieved February 16, 2015. Gartner Research.
Messmer, Ellen (August 20, 2014). From the original on February 5, 2015. From the original on September 24, 2015. July 6, 2016.
From the original on September 11, 2016. Potter, Davitt (June 9, 2016). From the original on December 20, 2016. From the original on October 22, 2016. October 18, 2016. From the original on December 21, 2016. From the original on November 6, 2016.
October 22, 2016, at the. Forrester.com (October 19, 2016). Retrieved on 2017-01-03. April 2, 2015, at the. Enterprise.comodo.com (June 20, 2014). Retrieved on 2017-01-03., pp. 474–481.
Kiem, Hoang; Thuy, Nguyen Yhanh and Quang, Truong Minh Nhat (December 2004) 'A Machine Learning Approach to Anti-virus System', Joint Workshop of Vietnamese Society of AI, SIGKBS-JSAI, ICS-IPSJ and IEICE-SIGAI on Active Mining; Session 3: Artificial Intelligence, Vol. From the original on March 20, 2017. Dua, Sumeet; Du, Xian (April 19, 2016). From the original on March 20, 2017.
Firdausi, Ivan; Lim, Charles; Erwin, Alva; Nugroho, Anto Satriyo (2010). 'Analysis of Machine learning Techniques Used in Behavior-Based Malware Detection'. 2010 Second International Conference on Advances in Computing, Control, and Telecommunication Technologies. Siddiqui, Muazzam; Wang, Morgan C.; Lee, Joohan (2008). 'A survey of data mining techniques for malware detection using file features'.
Proceedings of the 46th Annual Southeast Regional Conference on XX – ACM-SE 46. Deng, P.S.; Jau-Hwang Wang; Wen-Gong Shieh; Chih-Pin Yen; Cheng-Tan Tung (2003).
'Intelligent automatic malicious code signatures extraction'. IEEE 37th Annual 2003 International Carnahan Conference on Security Technology, 2003. Komashinskiy, Dmitriy; Kotenko, Igor (2010). 'Malware Detection by Data Mining Techniques Based on Positionally Dependent Features'. 2010 18th Euromicro Conference on Parallel, Distributed and Network-based Processing. Schultz, M.G.; Eskin, E.; Zadok, F.; Stolfo, S.J.
![Software Fingerprint Magic 4000 Sq Software Fingerprint Magic 4000 Sq](/uploads/1/2/5/6/125614828/803681781.png)
'Data mining methods for detection of new malicious executables'. Proceedings 2001 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy. Ye, Yanfang; Wang, Dingding; Li, Tao; Ye, Dongyi (2007). Proceedings of the 13th ACM SIGKDD international conference on Knowledge discovery and data mining – KDD '07. Zico; Maloof, Marcus A. (December 1, 2006). 7: 2721–2744.
Momina; Shafiq, M. Zubair; Farooq, Muddassar (2009). 'Malware detection using statistical analysis of byte-level file content'. Proceedings of the ACM SIGKDD Workshop on Cyber Security and Intelligence Informatics – CSI-KDD '09. Ye, Yanfang; Wang, Dingding; Li, Tao; Ye, Dongyi; Jiang, Qingshan (2008).
'An intelligent PE-malware detection system based on association mining'. Journal in Computer Virology. 4 (4): 323. Sami, Ashkan; Yadegari, Babak; Peiravian, Naser; Hashemi, Sattar; Hamze, Ali (2010). 'Malware detection based on mining API calls'. Proceedings of the 2010 ACM Symposium on Applied Computing – SAC '10. Shabtai, Asaf; Kanonov, Uri; Elovici, Yuval; Glezer, Chanan; Weiss, Yael (2011).
' 'Andromaly': A behavioral malware detection framework for android devices'. Journal of Intelligent Information Systems.
Fox-Brewster, Thomas. From the original on September 6, 2015. Retrieved September 4, 2015. September 21, 2015, at the. Retrieved on January 3, 2017., pp. 252–288.
From the original on December 3, 2013. Retrieved July 11, 2013. Symantec Corporation (February 2009). From the original on April 9, 2009. Retrieved April 14, 2009.
Symantec Corporation (February 2007). From the original on April 27, 2009. Retrieved April 14, 2009. From the original on February 27, 2009. Retrieved February 24, 2009. From the original on August 24, 2010. February 14, 2011, at.
Kelly, Michael (October 2006). From the original on July 15, 2010.
Retrieved November 29, 2009. Bitdefender (2009). From the original on October 6, 2009. Retrieved November 29, 2009. From the original on April 13, 2014.
Retrieved April 9, 2014. SpywareWarrior (2007). Retrieved November 29, 2009. Protalinski, Emil (November 11, 2008).
From the original on April 30, 2011. Retrieved February 24, 2011., from the original on September 4, 2010, retrieved December 2, 2010., from the original on January 13, 2011, retrieved December 2, 2010. Tan, Aaron (May 24, 2007). From the original on April 26, 2011.
Retrieved April 5, 2009. ^ Harris, David (June 29, 2009).
From the original on May 28, 2010. Retrieved May 21, 2010. April 21, 2010. From the original on April 24, 2010.
Retrieved April 22, 2010. April 21, 2010. From the original on April 22, 2010. Retrieved April 22, 2010.
Leyden, John (December 2, 2010). From the original on December 5, 2010. Retrieved December 2, 2010., October 3, 2011, from the original on October 4, 2011, retrieved October 3, 2011., The Next Web, September 20, 2012, from the original on January 17, 2014, retrieved March 5, 2014., September 19, 2012, from the original on April 21, 2014, retrieved March 5, 2014., Android Police, September 11, 2017, from the original on November 7, 2017, retrieved November 1, 2017. January 2007. From the original on April 8, 2010. Retrieved September 27, 2014.
Vamosi, Robert (May 28, 2009). From the original on February 11, 2011. Retrieved February 24, 2011.
Higgins, Kelly Jackson (May 5, 2010). From the original on May 12, 2010. Retrieved February 24, 2011.
From the original on December 8, 2009. Retrieved November 29, 2009. From the original on November 30, 2011.
Retrieved March 24, 2012. Mentioned within 'Before you begin'. From the original on March 8, 2012. Retrieved March 24, 2012. From the original on March 9, 2012. Retrieved March 24, 2012. Mentioned within 'General troubleshooting'.
Archived from on May 12, 2011. Retrieved March 6, 2011. Retrieved February 17, 2011. From the original on July 1, 2013. Retrieved April 11, 2013. Steam support page. From the original on September 24, 2009.
Goodin, Dan (December 21, 2007). From the original on May 11, 2011. Retrieved February 24, 2011. From the original on November 3, 2010.
Illett, Dan (July 13, 2007). From the original on January 12, 2010.
Retrieved November 15, 2009. Espiner, Tom (June 30, 2008). From the original on October 6, 2014. Retrieved September 27, 2014. AV Comparatives (December 2013).
(PDF) from the original on January 2, 2014. Retrieved January 2, 2014.
Kirk, Jeremy (June 14, 2010). From the original on April 22, 2011. From the original on January 3, 2014. Kotadia, Munir (July 2006). From the original on April 30, 2011.
Retrieved April 14, 2010. ^ (April 2010). From the original on April 18, 2010. Retrieved April 17, 2010.
Exploit Code; Data Theft; Information Security; Privacy; Hackers; system, Security mandates aim to shore up shattered SSL; Reader, Adobe kills two actively exploited bugs in; stalker, Judge dismisses charges against accused Twitter. From the original on August 10, 2017.
Iresh, Gina (April 10, 2010). Digital Grog. From the original on November 21, 2016. Retrieved November 20, 2016. From the original on September 17, 2015. Retrieved August 20, 2015. From the original on August 9, 2015.
Retrieved August 20, 2015. October 8, 2013. From the original on February 9, 2014.
Retrieved March 28, 2014. From the original on March 2, 2011. Retrieved February 16, 2011. July 17, 2009. From the original on February 9, 2011. Retrieved March 6, 2011.
March 27, 2009. From the original on April 1, 2011. Retrieved March 6, 2011. June 1, 2009. Archived from on April 30, 2011. Retrieved March 6, 2011. From the original on April 18, 2016.
Retrieved October 11, 2014. July 31, 2014. From the original on August 3, 2014. Retrieved October 11, 2014. Support.com Blog.
Archived from on September 29, 2012. Retrieved July 26, 2010. Ionut Ilascu. April 14, 2010. From the original on August 26, 2011. Retrieved September 11, 2011.
Munir Kotadia. CBS Interactive.
October 21, 2004. From the original on September 12, 2009. Retrieved April 5, 2009. June 24, 2015.
Retrieved October 30, 2016. Andrew Fishman, Morgan Marquis-Boire. June 22, 2015. From the original on October 31, 2016.
Retrieved October 30, 2016. Zeltser, Lenny (October 2010). From the original on October 10, 2010. Retrieved October 26, 2010.
Erickson, Jon (August 6, 2008). From the original on April 26, 2011. Retrieved February 24, 2010. From the original on May 17, 2016.
Retrieved May 30, 2016. (PDF) from the original on June 4, 2016. Retrieved May 30, 2016. Krebs, Brian (March 9, 2007). Retrieved February 24, 2011.
AVAST Software. Retrieved May 1, 2018. AVG Technologies. Retrieved May 1, 2018. Avira Operations GmbH & Co. Retrieved May 1, 2018.
Retrieved October 2, 2018. Retrieved June 1, 2018.
Kaspersky Lab. Retrieved June 1, 2018. Retrieved June 1, 2018.
January 30, 2007. Retrieved February 20, 2011. Kaiser, Michael (April 17, 2009).
National Cyber Security Alliance. Archived from on April 22, 2011. Retrieved February 24, 2011. May 13, 2013, at the. Spamfighter.com (September 2, 2010). Retrieved on January 3, 2017. Bibliography.